Inglês – Anpec 2019
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Text 1 — Sweden Gangs of Stockholm
The Economist print edition | Europe | March 10th-16th 2018
Sweden Gangs of Stockholm
STOCKHOLM
Young men with Kalashnikovs have upset Sweden’s sense of security
The Economist print edition | Europe
March 10th-16th 2018
IT WAS supposed to be a sneaky afternoon cigarette break. Then a gunman in black appeared and shot 15-year-old Robin Sinisalo in the head. His older brother Alejandro was shot four times. Robin died immediately on the doorstep of his home in north-west Stockholm. Alejandro was left in a wheelchair for life. Two years later, the boys’ mother, Carolina, says the police still have no leads. Robin’s fate is increasingly common in Sweden. In 2011 only 17 people were killed by firearms. In 2017 the country had over 300 shootings, leaving 41 people dead and over 100 injured. The violence mostly stems from street gangs running small-time drug operations in big cities such as Stockholm, the capital, Malmö and Gothenburg. Gang members have even used hand grenades to attack police stations. Between 2010 and 2015, people were killed by illegal firearms at the same rate as in southern Italy. Though Sweden is still a relatively peaceful place, this is worrying.
Gangs are nothing new: bikers and Balkan mafiosi have traded drugs and occasional bullets in Sweden since the early 1990s. But the gangs emerging today are less organised and more prone to commit petty crime. Acquiring a legal gun requires strict screening, but Kalashnikovs from the Yugoslav wars are readily available on the black market. To sweeten the deal, smugglers often throw in hand grenades (there were 43 grenade incidents in Sweden last year). The victims and perpetrators of gang violence are nearly always young men.
How to explain the rise of gang violence? It cannot be the economy, which is doing well, or Sweden’s quality of life, which is among the best in the world. And crime in general is in decline. So what has gone wrong?
Some blame the refugee crisis of 2015, when Sweden took in the most asylum-seekers per capita in Europe. But shootings with illegal guns have been rising since the mid-2000s. Most gang members are indeed first- or second-generation immigrants—72% of them, according to one report, but they tend not to be new arrivals. It takes years for migrants to be settled enough to be sucked into crime, says Amir Rostami of Stockholm University. Sweden accepted lots of asylum-seekers in the 1980s and 1990s from countries like Iraq, Somalia and the former Yugoslavia.
Sweden built them homes and taught them its language, but it failed to integrate them into the labour market. The Swedish welfare system offers good education and generous benefits. But for immigrants there is little social mobility. Powerful unions insist on high wages for entry-level jobs, so firms often find it uneconomical to hire immigrants with limited education or not much Swedish. Today, 16% of people born abroad are unemployed—one of the highest rates in the OECD. Gangs offer frustrated young men an alternative. “They let you feel like a king, even if for one day,” says Mr Rostami.
Alarmed, the government has provided additional funding for integrating migrants, imposed harsher punishments for gun crimes and granted a weapons amnesty. Police have stepped up surveillance and co-operation with other European countries to curb weapons-smuggling. In January the Swedish government set up a centre to combat violent extremism.
Still, witnesses are scared to talk and the police are stretched. Not one firearm-homicide case in Stockholm was solved in 2016. The government hopes to turn that around: police wages have been bumped up, and officers who left during a reorganisation three years ago (which coincided with a rise in crime) have been re-hired. Preliminary results for 2017 show that the clear-up rate for firearm murders has risen to a (still woeful) 30% in Stockholm. But over 100 cases remain unsolved.
Swedish politicians can no longer ignore the problem, especially so close to an election in September. Carolina Sinisalo has toured Sweden to raise awareness of gun violence. She says she thinks about moving elsewhere every day, “but this was Robin’s home. I can’t leave”.
Questão 01
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Sweden cannot any longer be considered as safe a place as it was in the past;
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Robin Sinisalo and his brother died instantly in the shooting;
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Their mother says the police took two years to catch the gunman;
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Street gangs operate mainly in small towns;
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Hand grenades were used in the attack against Robin and his brother.
Questão 02
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We can infer from the text that:
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We can infer from the text that:
Police stations have never been attacked;
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We can infer from the text that:
Bikers and Balkan Mafiosi have traditionally worked together;
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We can infer from the text that:
Gangs emerging today avoid committing petty crime;
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We can infer from the text that:
Kalashnikovs are easy to be acquired legally;
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We can infer from the text that:
Many street gangs are also involved in the drug trade.
Questão 03
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We understand from the text that:
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We understand from the text that:
Hand grenades were used in over 43 incidents in Sweden last year;
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We understand from the text that:
Sweden’s poor quality of life might have caused the rise in violence;
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We understand from the text that:
Sweden took in quite a number of asylum-seekers during the refugee crisis of 2015;
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We understand from the text that:
The Swedish economy is in bad shape;
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We understand from the text that:
Most gang members are newly-arrived immigrants.
Questão 04
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Sweden was receptive to asylum-seekers;
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Asylum-seekers are totally integrated into the Swedish labour market;
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
The Swedish welfare system makes it difficult for immigrants to have a good education;
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Firms favour the hiring of immigrants;
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Unions help find jobs for immigrants by accepting lower wages for entry-level jobs.
Questão 05
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The text implies that:
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The text implies that:
The government has not done anything to ease the situation;
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The text implies that:
The Swedish police prefer to act on its own;
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The text implies that:
One quarter of people born abroad are unemployed;
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The text implies that:
Immigrants have the possibility of great social mobility;
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The text implies that:
Young men find that membership in a gang offers them an opportunity for a better life.
Text 2 — Russia and NATO: Outgunned
The Economist print edition | Europe | March 10th-16th 2018
Russia and NATO
Outgunned
The Atlantic alliance faces superior conventional forces near Russia’s borders
The Economist print edition | Europe
March 10th-16th 2018
BOASTING about nuclear weapons is something Vladimir Putin clearly enjoys. In his annual state-of-the-nation speech on March 1st, he listed five new weapons. Russia’s president gave pride of place to the development of a nuclear-powered cruise missile with, in effect, unlimited range, which was guaranteed to thwart America’s missile defences. He got the headlines he wanted, though there is nothing new about Russia being able to devastate America with nuclear weapons, nor anything likely to change on that front. What should concern Europe more than Mr Putin’s nuclear sabre-rattling are the formidable conventional forces that Russia is steadily building up, particularly in the Baltic region.
On most measures, NATO appears comfortably ahead of Russia. Between them, America and its European NATO allies spent $871bn on defence in 2015, compared with Russia’s $52bn. But as a recent report by the RAND Corporation, a think-tank, argues, the reality on the ground is rather different. It finds that Russia would now enjoy significant local superiority in any confrontation with NATO close to its own border. NATO’s latent strengths, once they were brought to bear, would be too much for Russia to cope with. But in the early stages of a conflict, for at least the first month and possibly for a good deal longer, the alliance would find itself outnumbered, outranged and outgunned.
Since Russia’s invasion of eastern Ukraine in 2014, NATO has bolstered its forces in the Baltic region with what it calls its “enhanced forward presence”. By last summer, the alliance had a total of 4,530 troops near the border with Russia in four battle-groups led by Germany (in Lithuania), Britain (in Estonia), Canada (in Latvia) and the United States (in Poland). But, in accord with the 1997 NATO-Russia Founding Act, an anachronistic agreement that reflected a more optimistic time, the soldiers are not permanently based, but constantly rotate.
NATO has also beefed up its “very high readiness joint task-force” of about 5,000 more troops who can be deployed within a week. But it admits that neither force is more than a tripwire to convince Russia that any attack on them would be seen as an attack on the alliance as a whole.
Over the past decade, Western forces and their Russian counterparts have diverged in terms of capability. NATO members adjusted for counter-insurgency operations in places such as Afghanistan by restructuring with light expeditionary forces. Russia concentrated on rebuilding forces with the mobility and firepower to wage high-intensity warfare against a peer adversary. As part of a comprehensive effort at military reform following a disjointed performance in the war against Georgia in 2008, Russia has professionalised its forces (largely relegating conscripts to a second echelon), equipped them with modern heavy weapons, and honed them with frequent large-scale exercises and combat experience in Ukraine and Syria.
What worries NATO commanders, such as General Sir Nicholas Carter, chief of Britain’s general staff, and his American opposite number, General Mark Milley, is the sheer amount of combat power Russia can concentrate at very short notice in the Baltic region. RAND found that in main battle tanks, Russia would outnumber NATO by 5.9 to 1; in infantry fighting vehicles by 4.6 to 1; in rocket artillery by 270 to none. And while NATO would enjoy a substantial advantage in combat aircraft, their effectiveness would be greatly reduced when faced with the world’s most powerful integrated theatre air defences.
Russia’s edge over NATO, says Ben Barry of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, is increased by its ability to use its internal lines to reinforce at speed. By contrast, NATO has neglected to preserve its cold-war military-transport infrastructure. Bridges cannot take the weight of tanks, and rail systems are not designed for trucks carrying heavy armour.
There is plenty that NATO could do to enhance conventional deterrence. It could permanently station forces in the Baltic region with more hitting power; it could hold regular large-scale short-notice exercises; it could invest in strengthening its internal lines; individual member countries could do more to meet their spending obligations and use the money to restructure their ground forces for high-intensity conflict.
Whether NATO is capable of such focus is debatable. Its southern members worry more about refugee flows; France is fighting an insurgency in the Sahel; Germany’s new coalition agreement relegated the (wretched) state of its armed forces to page 156 of a 177-page document. Mr Putin’s priorities are very different.
Questão 06
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We understand from the text that:
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We understand from the text that:
Mr. Putin is extremely modest about Russia’s nuclear weapons;
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We understand from the text that:
No new weapons have been developed by Russia lately;
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We understand from the text that:
The capacity of Russia’s nuclear weapons to obliterate America has always been known;
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We understand from the text that:
Mr. Putin’s announcement went mostly ignored by the press;
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We understand from the text that:
Mr. Putin was cagey about the number of Russia’s new weapons.
Questão 07
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The text implies that:
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The text implies that:
Russia’s forces in the Baltic region consist of nuclear weapons;
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The text implies that:
A recent report confirms that NATO would be comfortably ahead of Russia in a confrontation;
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The text implies that:
In case of a conflict, NATO would outgun and outnumber Russia from the start;
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The text implies that:
NATO has just published a report on the subject of its forces;
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The text implies that:
RAND Corporation finds that, in the early stages of a conflict, Russia would have the supremacy over the Atlantic alliance.
Questão 08
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According to the text:
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According to the text:
Russia invaded western Ukraine in 2014;
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According to the text:
NATO forces are not present in the Baltic region;
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According to the text:
British and Canadian battlegroups are based in Poland;
Enunciado da questão 08
According to the text:
According to the 1997 NATO-Russia Founding Act, the soldiers are meant to be constantly rotating;
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According to the text:
By last summer, the Atlantic alliance had about 5,000 troops near the Russian border.
Questão 09
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NATO’s joint taskforce:
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NATO’s joint taskforce:
is strong enough to dissuade Russia from attacking the alliance;
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NATO’s joint taskforce:
can be deployed within a week;
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NATO’s joint taskforce:
has had the same number of troops for some time;
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NATO’s joint taskforce:
is the only NATO force that can face Russia;
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NATO’s joint taskforce:
has a total of 4,530 troops.
Questão 10
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We infer from the text that:
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We infer from the text that:
NATO and Russian forces have the same focus in terms of capability;
Enunciado da questão 10
We infer from the text that:
Operations in Afghanistan demanded the use of light expeditionary forces by NATO;
Enunciado da questão 10
We infer from the text that:
Russian forces do not have the firepower to engage in high-intensity warfare;
Enunciado da questão 10
We infer from the text that:
Russian forces had an outstanding performance against Georgia in 2008;
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We infer from the text that:
Russian forces consist mainly of conscripts.
Questão 11
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According to the text:
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According to the text:
Russia has been training its forces in Georgia;
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According to the text:
Russian forces do not use heavy weapons;
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According to the text:
Russian forces are present in Syria;
Enunciado da questão 11
According to the text:
NATO has neglected preparations for counter-insurgency operations;
Enunciado da questão 11
According to the text:
There is a large concentration of Russian forces near the border with Ukraine.
Questão 12
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The text lets us know that:
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The text lets us know that:
NATO commanders are concerned about a possible rapid concentration of Russian troops in the Baltic region;
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The text lets us know that:
NATO aircraft forces would be easily bested by Russia;
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The text lets us know that:
Russia would outnumber NATO in battle tanks by 4.6 to 1;
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The text lets us know that:
NATO is strong in rocket artillery;
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The text lets us know that:
RAND is a department of NATO armed forces.
Questão 13
Enunciado
From the text:
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From the text:
Ben Barry is a journalist;
Enunciado da questão 13
From the text:
Russia’s edge over NATO is solely its ability to use its internal lines to reinforce at speed;
Enunciado da questão 13
From the text:
NATO’s cold war military-transport infrastructure has been maintained;
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From the text:
Tanks are too heavy for the existing bridges;
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From the text:
Rail systems have been restructured for trucks carrying heavy armour.
Questão 14
Enunciado
From the text, NATO:
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From the text, NATO:
could do very little to discourage aggression;
Enunciado da questão 14
From the text, NATO:
could deploy more powerful forces in the Baltic region;
Enunciado da questão 14
From the text, NATO:
should avoid holding large scale exercises;
Enunciado da questão 14
From the text, NATO:
should halt short-notice exercises;
Enunciado da questão 14
From the text, NATO:
has adequate internal lines.
Questão 15
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We infer from the text that:
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
NATO members have similar priorities;
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
Refugee flows are a serious problem for NATO northern members;
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
The German government has made the condition of its armed forces top priority;
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
Mr. Putin’s forces are fighting in the Sahel;
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
NATO should take steps to strengthen its conventional forces in the Baltic region.