Inglês- Anpec 2018
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Text 1 — Brazilian sport: Something new to cheer
The Economist, The Americas, Oct 27th 2016
Brazilian sport Something new to cheer
Why rugby could be the next craze
Print edition | The Americas
Oct 27th 2016 | SÃO PAULO
WHEN Charles Miller, son of an English railway engineer posted to Brazil, returned to São Paulo from a British boarding school in 1894, he brought back a football—and popularised a game that would help define Brazilian identity. Miller’s other sporting import, rugby, had less appeal. It was played at a few posh boarding schools and almost nowhere else. But now rugby is beginning to find a mass audience.
Asked which sport would grow most, more Brazilians picked rugby than any other in a survey conducted in 2011 by Deloitte, a consultancy. Since then its popularity has shot up as if propelled by a well-taken conversion kick. Some 60,000 Brazilians are thought to play rugby, far fewer than the 30m who play football or the 5m-10m who take part in volleyball—but up from 10,000 five years ago. The national team, the Tupis, named after a family of indigenous peoples, draw audiences of 10,000 to stadiums and 7m to television screens. (The league is still amateur.) Highlights from European games pop up on the São Paulo metro’s in-train television.
Rugger’s return to the Olympics at the Rio de Janeiro games last August, after a 92-year hiatus, spurred interest. The sport’s good governance helps win fans in a country beset by corruption scandals. The Brazilian Rugby Confederation (CBRu), which replaced an amateurish association in 2010, is run like a business. Its chief executive, Agustin Danza, holds an MBA and answers to a 12-member board. In November last year a non-profit group gave the CBRu Brazil’s first sport-governance trophy. The volleyball federation has sent five scouts to learn its management tricks.
Sponsors have taken note. The Tupis now have two dozen, including Unilever, a consumer-goods giant, and Bradesco, a Brazilian bank. The CBRu’s budget has swelled from 1.3m reais in 2011 to 18m reais ($6m). Mr Danza has used the money to lure coaches from rugby powerhouses like New Zealand and Australia. His objective is to qualify for the World Cup in 2023.
It will take plenty of training. Brazilian women came a respectable ninth in the Olympic seven-a-side tournament, but the men came last. They are ranked 36th in the world. Argentina, Brazil’s rival in all things sporting and otherwise, is ninth. Mr Danza (himself Argentine) is banking on support, and cash, from the sport’s global governing body. He is hoping that World Rugby will soon name Brazil as one of its priority markets. With more exposure and money, the amateur league could turn professional.
The CBRu is trying broaden the sport’s appeal—and talent pool—beyond the upper class. “In my day the team was all pale posh guys,” recalls Jean-Marc Etlin, a financier and former Brazil forward. Thanks to programmes that promote the sport in state schools, his son’s team-mates on the under-19s national side now include players from poor backgrounds.
The biggest obstacle to rugby’s popularity remains Brazilians’ obsession with football. “Every other sport is peripheral,” sighs Mr Etlin. Mr Danza thinks football’s woes, including sleaze in the federation and the national team’s underwhelming performance (by Brazilian standards), give rugby an opening: “When the footballers disappoint, Brazilians start looking for someone else to cheer.”
Questão 01
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Charles Miller went to school in São Paulo.
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Miller made both football and rugby equally popular in Brazil.
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Rugby was mostly played at posh schools.
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
Volleyball was considered by Brazilians who answered a 2011 survey the sport which would grow most.
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The following conclusion can be drawn from the text:
The Brazilian national rugby team is formed by a family from an indigenous tribe.
Questão 02
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We can infer from text that:
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We can infer from text that:
The Brazilian Rugby Confederation (CBRu) is looked upon with distrust by fans.
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We can infer from text that:
The volleyball federation is giving CBRu tips on good management.
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We can infer from text that:
People can watch highlights from European rugby games on the São Paulo in-metro’s television.
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We can infer from text that:
The Tupis are the national champions.
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We can infer from text that:
Agustin Danza is the coach of the national team.
Questão 03
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According to the text:
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According to the text:
The Tupis are having trouble attracting sponsors.
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According to the text:
The CBRu’s budget has increased since 2011.
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According to the text:
Rugby is played only in New Zealand.
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According to the text:
Brazil has already qualified for the World Cup in 2023.
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According to the text:
Both the Brazilian Women’s and Men’s teams came last in the Olympic seven-a-side tournament.
Questão 04
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We learn from the text that:
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We learn from the text that:
Argentina and Brazil rank nine in the world.
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We learn from the text that:
Mr. Danza has already managed to turn the amateur into a professional league.
Enunciado da questão 04
We learn from the text that:
Jean-Marc Etlin played for Brazil in the past.
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We learn from the text that:
The Under-19s national side includes only upper-class players.
Enunciado da questão 04
We learn from the text that:
There is no hope that World Rugby will name Brazil as one of its priority markets in the near future.
Questão 05
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We understand from the text that:
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We understand from the text that:
Programmes that promote the sport in state schools have never been made available to students.
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We understand from the text that:
Brazilians’ enormous interest in football might help increase the popularity of rugby.
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We understand from the text that:
The performance of the Brazilian national football team has been outstanding.
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We understand from the text that:
Mr. Danza thinks that rugby can profit from disappointment with football.
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We understand from the text that:
The Football Federation is widely respected.
Text 2 — Lexington: Meet Kamala Harris
The Economist, United States, Oct 27th 2016
Lexington Meet Kamala Harris
California’s tough, technocratic attorney-general will be a star of the next Senate
Print edition | United States
Oct 27th 2016
IF THE Democratic Party were a business, investors would mutter that it has a succession crisis. Its presidential nominee is 69 years old, and its leaders in Congress—Representative Nancy Pelosi and Senator Harry Reid—are both 76. That pin-up of the campus left, Senator Bernie Sanders, is 75. The young thruster set to lead Senate Democrats after January, Charles Schumer of New York, is 65. Nor is the galaxy of Democrats outside Washington thick with dazzling stars: after several bruising elections, the party currently holds just 18 out of 50 governors’ mansions.
Talk to thoughtful Democrats about the future and one name inspires more hope than most: Kamala Harris, the attorney-general of California and, barring a meteor-strike between now and November 8th, that state’s next member of the Senate. Insiders noticed when Ms Harris, 52, was endorsed by President Barack Obama, even though, under a run-off election system used in California, her opponent is a long-serving Democratic congresswoman, Loretta Sanchez.
Ms Sanchez has ascribed this snub to race solidarity between her opponent and the president, sniffing: “She is African-American, he is too.” In fact, Ms Harris and Mr Obama share bonds more subtle than similarly complex life-stories (the attorney-general’s parents, an Indian-born cancer researcher and a Jamaican economist, met at the University of California, Berkeley, and divorced when she was young). Both began political careers in places where success required coalition-building across party lines: Mr Obama in the fusty, cronyish Illinois state Senate, and Ms Harris in the lock-’em-up world of elected public prosecutors, starting as a district attorney for San Francisco, before becoming head of law enforcement across California in 2010.
A recent weekday found Ms Harris at John Muir Elementary School in San Francisco. As happy playground shrieks drifted through the windows, she faced TV cameras to unveil her fourth annual report on chronic school truancy. A populist firebrand would not have lacked for material. Surrounded by Victorian houses snapped up by tech millionaires, stoking local resentments, John Muir serves mostly poor families from other, less gentrified neighbourhoods. Ms Harris began studying truancy after learning that 94% of San Francisco’s murder victims under 25 were high-school dropouts. Research showed that three-quarters of young children who often miss days at kindergarten later fail California’s maths and reading tests in third grade. Pupils who fail those tests are in turn four times likelier to drop out of high school, and those who drop out are eight times likelier to end up in jail. Chronic truancy is much more common among black children, moreover. Yet as she explained her findings, the attorney-general did not thunder about racial injustice or inequality. Instead she noted that high-school dropouts cost the state more than $46bn a year in public-safety and public-health spending. Letting children miss school offers taxpayers a poor “return on investment” and deprives California of a skilled workforce, Ms Harris argued. It stops government being “efficient and effective”.
That technocratic tone does not surprise a long-standing ally, Lateefah Simon. When the pair first met, Ms Harris was a young city lawyer, working on sex-trafficking cases. Ms Simon was just out of her teens, a radical activist working with troubled young women, and, she recalls proudly, “known for bringing hundreds of young girls into police commission meetings, shutting them down.” Ms Harris finally advised her that systems change under pressure from the outside and the inside: “Kamala said to me, you can’t always win with a bullhorn.” When Ms Harris became district attorney she hired Ms Simon to run a programme for low-level, non-violent drug offenders. Though strikingly cheap, it drew national attention for preventing 90% of its graduates from reoffending. Ms Simon explains how Ms Harris would tell youngsters their chances of going to jail or dying if they did not change course. Then she would offer help with everything from housing to remedial education and apprenticeships—even dentistry cadged from a local university, after she read research linking job prospects to bad teeth. Ms Simon calls her old boss both “data-driven” and tough: “If you hurt a woman, she wants you in jail.”
More than a decade later, Ms Harris still puts her faith in data, as she cites crises that Republicans and Democrats alike know need to be addressed, in fields as diverse as criminal justice, immigration, the costs of higher education or the drugs epidemic that is as cruel a scourge in conservative rural states as it is in inner cities. Over a stop for iced coffees on the campaign trail, she says transparency is the key to building trust among people, and then between communities and government. To that end in 2015 her department began releasing torrents of statistics about arrests and deaths in custody across California. Nor is keeping the trust of the police forgotten: Ms Harris’s department publicises data on law-enforcement officers killed or assaulted on duty.
The case for the prosecutor
Washington sceptics may dismiss Ms Harris as a typical Californian progressive. It is true that her campaign ads boast of suing big banks for fraud. She also has a distinctly paternalist streak. Greeting an eight year old in his classroom, the attorney-general solemnly coaches him: “We shake hands and look each other in the eyes.” Asked by a little girl about favourite foods, Ms Harris replies: “I like French fries, but I love spinach.”
But Ms Harris is a prosecutor to her core, who approaches voters as she would 12 jurors of different backgrounds: “You have to point to the facts.” Contemplating a country where millions feel displaced by change, she yearns to see another approach to politics tried: “to give people an image of what the future looks like, and to paint that image in a way that they can see themselves in it.” Fierce, charming and eloquent, Ms Harris may be a big part of the Democratic Party’s future too.
Questão 06
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It is inferred from the text that:
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It is inferred from the text that:
The Democratic Party is a successful business.
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It is inferred from the text that:
The Democratic Party’s top representatives at most levels are good candidates for the future.
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It is inferred from the text that:
The Democrats have been very successful in the gubernatorial elections recently.
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It is inferred from the text that:
The Democratic Party holds less than half of the governors’ positions in the country.
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It is inferred from the text that:
The left-wing star, Senator Bernie Sanders, will lead Senate Democrats from next January.
Questão 07
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According to the text:
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According to the text:
Ms. Harris is a clear favourite to win California’s seat in the Senate in November.
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According to the text:
Ms. Sanchez does not count on President Obama’s support.
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According to the text:
Ms. Harris is a long-serving Democratic congresswoman.
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According to the text:
Loretta Sanchez is one of the Democratic Party’s most dazzling stars outside Washington.
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According to the text:
Charles Schumer is the attorney-general of California.
Questão 08
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We learn from the text that:
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We learn from the text that:
Ms. Harris and President Obama first met at the University of California, Berkeley.
Enunciado da questão 08
We learn from the text that:
The only bond between Mr. Obama and Ms. Harris is that they are both African-American.
Enunciado da questão 08
We learn from the text that:
Both Mr. Obama and Ms. Harris started their political lives as district attorneys.
Enunciado da questão 08
We learn from the text that:
Ms. Harris was an elected public prosecutor in Illinois.
Enunciado da questão 08
We learn from the text that:
Ms. Sanchez gave a reason for Mr. Obama’s endorsement of Ms. Harris.
Questão 09
Enunciado
The text states that:
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The text states that:
Ms. Harris has recently visited John Muir Elementary School in Berkeley.
Enunciado da questão 09
The text states that:
Ms. Harris has been reporting on chronic school truancy.
Enunciado da questão 09
The text states that:
John Muir’s students are mostly from tech millionaires’ families.
Enunciado da questão 09
The text states that:
Truants are generally good at maths.
Enunciado da questão 09
The text states that:
At John Muir School, Ms. Harris was speaking to an audience of tech millionaires.
Questão 10
Enunciado
According to the text, truants:
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According to the text, truants:
account for over 94% of San Francisco’s murder victims under 25.
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According to the text, truants:
would hardly ever end up in jail.
Enunciado da questão 10
According to the text, truants:
are mostly children with Latino backgrounds.
Enunciado da questão 10
According to the text, truants:
are not considered a burden on public safety spending.
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According to the text, truants:
deprive California of a skilled workforce.
Questão 11
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We understand from the text that:
Enunciado da questão 11
We understand from the text that:
Lateefah Simon has recently become Ms. Harris’s ally.
Enunciado da questão 11
We understand from the text that:
Ms. Simon had never expected Ms. Harris’s technocratic approach.
Enunciado da questão 11
We understand from the text that:
In her youth, Ms. Simon worked with troubled young women.
Enunciado da questão 11
We understand from the text that:
Ms. Simon was a district attorney as a young woman.
Enunciado da questão 11
We understand from the text that:
At a time, Ms. Simon was Ms. Harris’s boss.
Questão 12
Enunciado
From the text, Ms. Harris:
Enunciado da questão 12
From the text, Ms. Harris:
is a great believer in statistics.
Enunciado da questão 12
From the text, Ms. Harris:
once ran a programme to help young drug-offenders.
Enunciado da questão 12
From the text, Ms. Harris:
is lenient to crimes against women.
Enunciado da questão 12
From the text, Ms. Harris:
as a lawyer, worked on sex-trafficking cases with Ms. Simon.
Enunciado da questão 12
From the text, Ms. Harris:
has bad teeth.
Questão 13
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In the text, it is mentioned that:
Enunciado da questão 13
In the text, it is mentioned that:
Democrats and Republicans are aware of existing crises.
Enunciado da questão 13
In the text, it is mentioned that:
Only in the inner cities is the drugs epidemics present.
Enunciado da questão 13
In the text, it is mentioned that:
Ms. Harris believes details about different problems should be kept from the public.
Enunciado da questão 13
In the text, it is mentioned that:
No data is available about arrests in California.
Enunciado da questão 13
In the text, it is mentioned that:
It is not known how many law-enforcement officers have been killed when on duty.
Questão 14
Enunciado
From the text:
Enunciado da questão 14
From the text:
Ms. Harris’s approach has been widely praised in Washington.
Enunciado da questão 14
From the text:
Ms. Harris sometimes acts paternalistically.
Enunciado da questão 14
From the text:
Ms. Harris’s favourite food is French fries.
Enunciado da questão 14
From the text:
Kamala Harris prefers not to challenge big banks.
Enunciado da questão 14
From the text:
Ms. Harris has no inclination to act as a prosecutor.
Questão 15
Enunciado
We infer from the text that:
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
Facts are crucial in Ms. Harris’s way of assessing evidence.
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
Ms. Harris feels that people are satisfied with politics as it is now.
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
Charming though she may be, Ms. Harris has been discarded by the Democratic Party.
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
Ms. Harris has difficulty in passing her messages across to people.
Enunciado da questão 15
We infer from the text that:
Ms. Harris approach to voters is unlike her approach to jurors.